A third “history” in many academic theologies of the Old Testament is the so-called historical Israel. The Enlightenment, whose epistemology is based on reason, not revelation, gave rise to “historical criticism.” The roots of historical criticism, as expostulated by Ernst Troeltsch, are skepticism, analogy, and coherence. By skepticism is meant reading the Bible as any other ancient myth. By analogy is meant testing the historical accuracy of the Bible
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